Horror Codes and Conventions/Profile

Codes and Conventions of the Horror Genre

 The horror genre is particularly popular with under 25's, with 37% of horror films being viewed by 18-24 year olds. The reason horror films tend to be targeted at this aged audience is due to the legal restrictions placed on the viewer. Anyone under the age of 15 is unlikely to watch the horror genre as firstly, they are too young, and secondly, it is difficult to make a realistically scary film without including the features that a 15/18 age rated film contains. Anyone over the age of 25 is generally too mature to be scared by horror films and so tend to avoid them. This is thought to be due to the overused clichés which lack originality, meaning by a certain age the majority of people are bored of the genre as they know exactly what to expect and so the scare factor is reduced. Stereotypically it is thought that horror's are most popular amongst males due to their thrill seeking nature however recently, females have over ruled this stereotype, as shown by the statistics with 42% of viewers being male and the remaining 58% being female. Due to social expectations, it is thought men enjoy horror films more than women for many different reasons. One of these reasons is because the horror genre allows men to show off their strength and bravery, and are stereotypically though to enjoy threatening situations whereas women are more likely to seek physical closeness. Men often derive social gratification from not letting a 'scary' film bother them, and they enjoy the task of mastering something threatening and showing off their masculinity, which makes horror films appealing to men. Another reason is the feeling a horror film can produce. Research shows that people who seek higher levels of arousal enjoy horror films due to the heightened feelings of awareness, high blood pressure, adrenaline and faster heart rate which is known as the excitation transfer process. This helps to intensify situations, making the horror genre a very exciting watch for both men and women.

Common conventions of the horror genre include some sort of isolated, quiet and secluded location, often with a hidden past where characters become vulnerable as no one is around to save them, such as the woods or somewhere abandoned like a warehouse or old school. These settings tend to be as realistic as possible in order to engage the audience and enable them to relate to the situation or surroundings, helping to enforce the scare factor which is a key aim of the genre. By using large environments the characters are made to look trapped and helpless, however the fear of something lurking behind closed doors or trees is also regularly used. In the horror genre, characters more often than not tend to forget about threat, allowing them to be conveniently put in dangerous situations without the thought of danger/death/curse crossing their minds. Females are a popular victim in horror films as they stereotypically have less power and so are in a weaker position. They tend to have long, brutal, drawn out deaths which men often find attractive, helping to make the genre more appealing. The main character is typically a young, pretty female(s) who is abused/stalked/kidnapped by a male character and then gruesomely murdered. Often a female is the first character to die, and they are typically portrayed as unintelligent, sexually active and obliviously unaware of the strange goings on happening around them. Stereotypically there will regularly be a dumb blonde who dies towards the beginning of the film due to her stupid mistakes and naivety, where the audience are then led to the conclusion her death was due to her own unintelligence. A pretty blonde female is frequently used in the horror genre to signify stupidity as well as suggest innocence and a childlike, helpless manner that helps to build the plot and allow a male character to take advantage. The killer is stereotypically male or a child of any gender who comes from a traumatised background with a hidden identity e.g. by wearing masks, lurking in the shadows of a wood or hiding behind doors. They are usually the outsiders of their families, and at school, with no friends.  A lot of the time, the audience as well as the characters on screen do not get to see the face of the killer until the end, when he is dispatched and revealed to the audience and to the characters on screen to make it mysterious and shock them.

The plot of a horror film typically unravels around some of the following incidents; a power cut making help unreachable, someone investigates a strange noise, someone who runs upstairs instead of outside, a victim who inexplicitly falls over, a vehicle that won't start, a fake scare, a warning that is ignored and someone who is killed in the first five minutes. In order to help determine the genre there are always typical conventions included such as gore, blood, graphic killings, dark lighting and erring settings are always in order to make it instantly recognisable as a definitive horror. It is an important aspect which is shown repeatedly to enable the audience to relate to the type of film they are watching and allow them to hold expectations. In horror films, film makers try to keep the clothes as minimalistic as possible so attention doesn’t steer away from the narrative of the film. Colours are used to help the audience to determine the type of character they are looking at, for example, if the colour black is being worn, this could indicate the killer. Nevertheless, in some films, costume is a big part of the film, for example, masks/halloween costumes. Masks tend to be used to make the killer look like they have no identity which creates an enigma. It adds additional fear to what is hiding underneath as well as being able to make a face look demonic, emotionless and non-human. Dark clothes are stereotypically worn by the killer which makes them look mysterious, troubled, evil and dangerous. Hooded costumes also remind audiences of the grim reaper, who brings death to all he meets. Boiler suits are a well known item of clothing associated with horror due to it being a labourer’s work outfit which makes the killer look like they have got a job to do e.g to terrorise/kill the victim(s) - it will often be ripped or covered in blood to make it more sinister. Finally, dirty clothes play a common role in the genre as it  suggests the victims have been through and ordeal, as well as implying lives, minds, bodies have been tainted by the killer and his attack; both literally and metaphorically.

Sound is a huge part of the horror genre as it is used to create suspense, additional tension and, basically, to scare someone even more than they already are. Contrapuntal sound is often used which is when the sound doesn’t match the action that is happening on screen. It is usually played during the climax of the film and works well in horror films, as it sounds incredibly unnatural and creepy and serves to unnerve the audience and make them feel unsettled. Eerie discordant non-diegetic music is also regularly used as music is one of the most important and key elements of a horror film. It is used to create tension and fear and helps the audience feel the build up to the climax. The music will often change and become more sinister as the plot gets closer to something which is supposed to scare or make the audience jump as well as make them feel uncomfortable. This type of music can also be used to build up false expectation, creating more of a shock when something actually happens. Sounds such as thunder , rain, wind or other types of weather create realism. It is important to create realism in order to add fear to the audience as they are able to relate to it. These sounds can also create a scary ambience because people associate bad weather with being scared and so sounds related to these types of weather will carry that association. Silence is deadly - to an audience, it is scarier to hear nothing at then to hear some form of sound because it means that when sound does happen, it has more emphasis and it is more unexpected and frightening.

Different types of lighting are used in horror films for different purposes. Low key lighting is used in order to create dark shadows due to their being a contrast between light and deep, dark areas. Top lighting helps to create a 'God like effect' which is often used on a hero, or in the case of a horror film, the character who either survives an ordeal or comes to the rescue. The light comes from above, helping to highlight all the features of the character. Similarly, back lighting is used in order to do the opposite, and create a silhouette of a person/object by shining light from behind. This type of lighting is generally used to make a person look evil or have no identity. The camera work follows conventional patterns like the rest of the technical elements in the horror genre. A prominent technique used is the hand-held camera effect, as seen in films such as Paranormal Activity, which makes it seem like the character is filming it themselves, helping to give the audience a sense of realism as well as identification. Points of view shots and low angle shots are used to create suspense and involve the audience as it gives them perspective from two different areas, helping to engage them in the film.

Romance Analysis - P.S I Love You

Romance Analysis

 The film P.S I LOVE YOU has a 12A age certificate, restricting its viewers to age 12 and above. Throughout the film, it is clearly shown that the target audience is older due to the use of dialogue and the relationship between the two main characters with obvious references to sex. The main character's are immediately introduced to the audience at the start of the opening scene, and are the only two characters in shot in the first five minutes. The conforms to the stereotypes of the romantic genre as the majority of romance films revolve around a central plot which is based around the relationship of two characters, as shown in the introduction of P.S I LOVE YOU. The characters are introduced through a variety of shots, mainly through the use of a tracking shot. This effectively allows the audience to have an insight into the character's lives, helps to introduce the plot and set the scene, and makes the film more realistic as it enables the audience to feel like they are there with the characters, which is a convention often used in the romance genre. Close up shots are used again to introduce the characters, but also to display their emotions, allowing the audience to learn about their relationship and to learn about the characters themselves, helping them to create opinions and warm to the characters which makes the film more enjoyable as the audience feel involved. The outline of the whole plot is not displayed in the opening scene. This conforms to the conventions of the genre as romance films are typically like linear stories with a clear beginning, middle, however I am unable to see if the plot follows the typical pattern where boy meets girl, they are then torn apart and then they realise they are meant to be together and resolve their differences. From what I am able to see in the opening scene it suggests that the plot of this film will subvert from the stereotypes as the character's have already met and are already in a relationship, implying that the film may revolve around some sort of heart break which leads to a different outcome. Unusually, there is not a sequence of titles which would often be expected as the romance genre is unlike others such as horror, where the audience is supposed to focus solely on the plot with no other distractions. This is probably due to it being a short clip, meaning the titles will appear before or after what I have seen.

The pace of editing stays the same throughout the opening scene which is expected of a romance film in order to enforce realism. The editing pace is slow throughout, even when action is taking place (such as an argument or fight) in order to make it seem like a real life situation in which the audience can relate to, helping to enable to audience to engage and enjoy the film. The slow editing and realism of the film typically attracts a female audience as it is thought they are more likely to enjoy romantic situations. Similarly, it is thought action films are stereotypically more aimed at men due to the faced paced editing and action, however these stereotypes are not black and white and there are both many men and women who enjoy romances and actions. Following the conventions is the use of music used - a well known backing track is used 'Love You 'Til The End' which relates to the genre and effectively helps to reveal/add to the plot. Unlike other genres, such as horror or action music isn't played during the action in order to allow the audience to focus on the dialogue which plays a large contribution in the plot. One of the most important aspects to the romance genre is the use of mise en scene. Dialogue is an important aspect as it reveals the plot and causes the audience to engage with the characters, helping to evoke emotions. In the opening scene to P.S I LOVE YOU the genre is clear due to the use of dialogue and the stereotypical pointless, insignificant arguments because the characters are so in love. The lighting clearly displays the mood of the characters with darker lighting to represent upset or an argument and brighter more natural lighting to represent happiness, however the types of lighting used are never extreme in order to preserve the realism of the genre. Similarly, the characters are dressed casually in clothing to suit the environment, for example work clothing if they are in a work environment or casual everyday clothing if they are taking part in every day activities in order to help the audience relate to the characters and see themself in their position. This effectively helps the audience to warm to characters they are supposed to, and likewise dislike characters they are supposed to by dressing them in something unusually extravagant or under dressed. The location is typically in a city as there is always lots going on, however it is usually made homely for the same reasons as the rest of the mise en scene - to represent realism and to allow the audience to relate.

Romance Analysis - Dear John

Romance Analysis

The opening scene to Dear John subverts from the stereotypical romance genre. The audience are introduced to both the female and male genre, suggesting the film could be based around a relationship, however this alone is not enough to determine the genre immediately. Although it is clear the film will be a light hearted watch, the lack of stereotypes such as only 2 main characters (male and female) allows the audience to guess, and only cut down on the obvious genres such as horror or action, as the film contains conventions of other genres - such as a chick flick. Due to the conventions of the opening scene which suggests it may be a romance, chick flick or rom-com, the suggested target audience is female. This is partly due to the slow editing technique which lacks action, as well as the girly setting and the attractive, masculine male characters. As previously mentioned, the opening to Dear John subverts the stereotypes due to the lack of character/audience interaction. In the opening scene there are too many characters in such a short space of time to enable the audience to pick out who the main characters will be or engage with them. The only clue as to one of the main characters is the amount of prevalence one of the male characters is given, however this is before the film actually starts. It is suggested right at the end who the main male and female role will be, however this is around 5 minutes into the film which is further than I am supposed to analyse. The slow pace of editing is a convention which is often used in the romance genre as it enforces realism which enables the audience to engage and relate to the main characters in the film, helping to evoke emotion from them and therefore, make it more enjoyable.

The setting is a very cliché setting for the romance genre as it suggests it may be a holiday romance, as well as the beach/a holiday destination having romantic connotations. This has both advantages and disadvantages as to some couples, it may be relatable as they live near an area such as this or have been on a romantic holiday to a similar destination, however to many couples who do not live in the same surroundings, in could be seen as unrealistic, and more of a dream. The characters in Dear John conform to the stereotypes of the genre as they appeal to the female target audience - e.g Channing Tatum has a large female target audience and so this would attract people to the film, however all of the actors/actresses are Hollywood stars, which could be a disadvantage as the audience might be more likely to see them as role models rather than be able to relate to them. The mise en scene effectively outlines the suggested protagonist's past, as the sound of bullets are heard and he is wearing camouflage, enabling the audience to grasp a bit of background knowledge before the film actually begins. This is something the audience will always hold in the back of their mind, which will help them to engage in the film as they would understand the reasoning behind John's actions. The costumes of the rest of the characters help to set the scene and establish the setting as they are all dressed in beach wear, suggesting the time of the year and the activities the characters take part in to the audience.

The use of sound conforms to the romance genre as often a narrative voice-over is used to help establish the plot and provide some background knowledge. It also usually helps to determine the main character as the voice over is usually coming from their point of view, again helping the audience to learn and engage with the character. Again, the film subverts from the stereotypes as a well known backing track is not played which suggests the film may not be a romance as usually a romantic song is played in the opening scene as the words help to unravel the plot - instead slightly upbeat music played. In the same way as action films, the music gets louder and quickens in pace as the suggested protagonist jumps in the save one of the other characters bag, (this is a subtle clue to who the two main characters will be) helping to establish him as a main character and a protagonist. The use of titles effectively introduce the film, the company it is made by and the featuring actors/actresses. The font used is soft and italic, suggesting the romantic genre and the female target audience. The titles also help to attract and appeal to the target audience as the well known characters are introduced. The use of camera work is also very natural in order to enforce realism. The camera work includes over the shoulder shots as well as point of view shots and close ups in order to help the audience see the way the characters see, as well as see their emotions and reactions, again helping them to engage in the film. Long shots and medium shots are used as well to help introduce all of the characters and the settings in order to establish the surroundings and help the plot to unfold.

Romance Codes And Conventions/Profile

Codes and Conventions of the Romance Genre

The romance genre is aimed mostly at women, with 91% of their viewers being female and the remaining 9% male. The genre is typically rated 12 or 15, meaning that the main target audience generally ranges from 12 -24, however it is a popular genre and so the viewer’s age range varies. The age range and female target audience is mainly due to the light hearted nature of the films that are produced in this genre. The predominant market for romances are First World citizens such as teenage girls from countries such as America or Britain, so most of the actors or actresses are from either of the two countries due to their versatility in film and their dominance in the film market. All romantic films tend to have a general trend follow when it comes to the plot of the film. Most never fail to follow the stereotypical narrative structure; however they vary in plot in order to make them different and interesting to watch. The romantic genre is often emerged with the comedy genre, creating a popular sub genre called a romantic comedy – rom-com, which is a hybrid genre in which a romantic plot is presented in a comedic way.

The stereotypical conventions of the romance genre consist of having a central plot revolving around two characters that are lovers. Romantic films usually contain at least one heroic person and at least one romantic interest for the hero. There are many different elements to a romance film, one being that the lovers must be star-crossed but in a way that creates conflict in their ability to come together. The couple do not always have to fall in love and live happily ever after as stereotypically expected, however this type of ending does not usually exist in Hollywood films as they usually end with a happy ending, meaning that these types of films are usually British. The three most stereotypical parts to a romance film consist of – boy meets girl, they are then torn apart and then they realise they are meant to be together and resolve their differences. Although this is usually the basis for the plot, there are various codes and conventions added to create and interesting plot. As said before, most romances end with a happy resolution, although it is becoming increasingly popular to end on a more real life prospective because things don’t necessarily work out the way people want them to. This type of ending has become more popular as it is more realistic and so more relatable, which people tend to enjoy.

It is important the audience are able to connect with the main characters, and be able to relate to them. They need to be likeable and down to earth so that the audience are able to support them in their whirlwind of love troubles. Similarly if there is a character the audience are not supposed to like, such as an ex-boyfriend who is trying to get in the way and cause trouble, it important these characters have unlikeable personalities or appearances. A typical convention often portrayed in the romantic genre is that the two main characters are complete opposites and so it is unlikely for them to be together. One way in which this is done is by having the two main characters part of different social groups, which often acts as a strong barrier keeping them apart, mainly due to social expectations. The more likeable character will typically be from the middle class background, helping to make them more relatable and the less endearing character such as the ex-boyfriend will usually be an extreme of a social class, for example very rich and spoilt, immediately causing the audience to form a disliking to them which helps to build the plot.

Throughout the film there will be an underlying theme of true love conquering all barriers that are encountered. Behind this, at the centre of the plot but less obvious than the prominent underlying love theme, morals/life lessons will usually be taught and dealt with, again helping to reinforce the realistic nature of some of the films. Helping with making the film realistic and the main characters likeable, are the other characters. A common re-occurrence in this genre is that the main characters are usually introduced by best friends and/or family members. This usually ties in with rom-coms as it brings a humorous feel to the film with awkward situations taking place, which again is relatable to real life. The mise en scene of this genre is less obvious to others, such as action or horror. The lighting is set in order to produce a happy tone/atmosphere, meaning it is relatively neutral and light which means it usually goes unnoticed as there are no dramatic changes following the plot, unless there was some kind of accident or breakup which may be mirrored by darker lighting. Romantic films tend to use a well-known song as backing tracks which are easily recognisable. This helps the audience relate to the story and the lyrics of the songs can even help in the story-telling process. Romantic films are typically set in big, well-known cities. London is a very popular place for events to take place, and this creates a wide target audience as it very popular to Americans or tourists. Places like this are used so that other events are always going on in the background and there are always lots of people making the film more believable and realistic as it helps to provide reason behind what takes place within the plot. A popular convention of the genre is the time of the year the film is set in. Christmas is a very popular time of the year due to its morals being based around love and care, as well as a large friends/family gathering which often sparks other events, helping to keep the plot moving forward. Valentines is also popular for similar reasons.

Action Adventure Analysis - The Pirates Of The Caribbean

Action Adventure Analysis

The opening scene to The Pirates of The Caribbean slightly subverts from the stereotypical action adventure genre expectations. From the first two minutes it is not that easy to determine the action adventure genre due to the lack of action and fast paced editing, which may be due to it being partly of the fantasy genre. The target audience is young, as shown by the use of bright colours and simple, stereotypical pirate language and dress sense. The main character is introduced by different uses of camera angles and screen prevalence, and is made to look important as he is the first character in view, shown through a low angle shot. Various camera angles are used in the opening scene, such as a medium shot which zooms into a close up. This effectively displays the characters emotions, and leads to a comical start when a long shot reveals his not so stereotypical pirate ship. An establishing shot sets up the scene, following the conventions of an action adventure with an exotic location, helping to set the scene and introduce the audience to the surroundings. The filming technique used is unsteady, producing the feeling the audience are at sea too, making them feel more involved and helping to engage them in the film. The use of the tracking shot and then panning of the camera sets up the introductory scene as it establishes the main character’s role. The types of shot used show the respect and surprise the other pirates have for the main character, suggesting he hasn’t been around for a while which helps the audience to recognise his importance, and again emphasises that he will be the main character which may be necessary due to its young target audience.

The use of mise en scene is not so stereotypical to the action adventure genre but more the pirate theme itself which would be more effective for the younger target audience as it is something they would expect and find easily recognisable. The clothing is very stereotypical with the jewellery, ragged clothing and pirate hat, helping to suit the theme. The dialogue is also very conventional with the uneducated accent and colloquial/typical language “aye”. The location and use of props is something which helps to determine the action adventure genre, with the use of boats, the exotic setting, pirate ships and dead bodies, all conforming to what would be expected. Due to its pirate theme, it is expected that The Pirates of The Caribbean will be an action adventure due to the typical storyline/plot that usually revolves around pirate films, however it is not made that obvious in the opening. As there is only one main character introduced, it is hard to determine if he will be the antagonist or protagonist. Similarly, there is nothing to suggest there will be any kind of tension or disagreement and therefore nothing which inclines there will be some sort of mission/journey/quest to take part in, which is typical of the action adventure genre. 

All of this followed by the slow editing pace subverts from what is expected of the genre as nothing really happens in the opening scene apart from the introduction of Captain Jack Sparrow. Action adventures more often than not opening with a fast paced action scene, immediately introducing the audience to the plot however, Pirates of the Caribbean does not follow this structure. The main character is suggested to be the protagonist only through the use of music which builds up when he is in shot; implying he is heroic and respected. This is reinforced through the use of camera angles allowing the audience to see the other pirate’s emotions and reactions when they see him, helping to suggest this however, no dramatic clues are given. When the main character enters on his pathetic, (in comparison to the other pirate ships shown in shot) falling apart, little boat, it is suggested to the audience that the film will be some kind of comedy about a failed pirate, however the use of music subverts from this suggestion as it builds the character up to be important despite his feeble entrance. At the end the music changes to a more dramatic tone, displayed against the dark haunting colours of the night. This is the only suggestion that the upbeat tone of the opening scene will be compromised, and is the only obvious representation of the action adventure genre as it suggests that there will be some kind of conquest to come. Overall, the opening scene to The Pirates of the Caribbean both conforms and subverts to the stereotypical action adventure conventions. The lack of action is a key part to the genre which is missing so would make it difficult for a young audience to establish the genre. Subtle clues are given such as the location and the props; however the sound and editing are also little help due to their lack of drama or importance.

Action Adventure Analysis -The Expendables 2

 

Action Adventure Analysis

In the opening scene of The Expendables 2, there are no titles or credits to introduce the film, meaning the audience are thrown straight into the action with no distractions, immediately helping to build tension and suspense as the audience are forced to focus solely on the plot. Following the typical conventions of an action adventure, the pace of editing is very fast in order to keep the plot moving forwards and the danger and violence to be emphasised. Along with the fast editing pace, a large variety of different shot types are used for different purposes. An establishing shot followed by match on action is used in the first 5 seconds in order to introduce the audience to the surroundings and give them a taste of what it yet to come. The use of match on action on the four by fours moving towards the setting the establishing shot previously introduced gives a big hint to the audience, again emphasising that this is where the characters are heading and therefore where the action will take place. Close ups and over the shoulder shots are repeatedly used, both introducing the characters and displaying their emotions. This effectively allows the audience to understand the plot more, as well as be engaged and base opinions on the characters making it more interesting for them, helping to determine between the protagonist(s) and antagonist(s). The use of over the shoulder shots and cross cutting allows the audience to see the action from different points of views, and used with the fast editing pace makes for a very fast moving, action packed opening scene. The use of the variety of different shots together with the fast pace helps to keep the action moving and enforces the danger and violence of the situation, making it an exciting watch for the audience.

The opening of The Expendables 2 strongly follows the expected conventions of an action adventure. The use of mise en scene in the opening scene conforms to the stereotypes as guns, fires, explosions, cars, helicopters, weaponry and an exotic location are shown. This would appeal more to the male audience as cars, weaponry etc connote danger and violence which is stereotypically something men are more interested in, however many females also enjoy the fast moving action scenes too. The dark clothing and army gear suggest to the audience that the men are on some sort of mission, and their dangerous but only just successful mission suggests that the men are experienced and have done it before. In the opening scene the only characters introduced are male, conforming to the expected stereotypes of action adventures as this is very typical of the genre. The use of dialogue is also more male orientated with “come on you bastards” being one of the first things that is said. As there is little dialogue to interest the audience in this scene, sound plays a large role. Many of the sounds heard have been dubbed for exaggeration, such as the sound of gunshots making them louder which emphasises the violence. Similarly, the sound of men screaming is also exaggerated for the same purpose. Again the music conforms to the stereotypes as slow, quiet but purposeful music plays at the beginning which increases in both speed and sound as the action heightens, creating tension within the audience. While ‘The Expendables’ are in shot the music changes in order to make them look heroic and suggest they are not in danger, however when the opposition they are fighting are shown, the music quickens suggesting they are unsafe and have little hope, helping to excite the audience.

Action Adventure Codes And Conventions/Profile

Action Adventure codes and conventions/profile

Action adventure films are generally marketed with a 12/15 age certificate, with their biggest target audience ranging from 18-24. Their target audience is firstly aimed at young, aspirational males with 57% of their viewers being men and the remaining 43% being women. The action adventure genre includes films that have tremendous impact, continuous high energy, lots of physical stunts and activity, possibly extended chase scenes, races, rescues, battles, martial arts, mountains and mountaineering, destructive disasters (floods, explosions, natural disasters, fires, etc.), fights, escapes, non-stop  motion, spectacular rhythm and pacing, and adventurous heroes - all designed for pure audience escapism and a break from reality with the action sequences at the core of the film. Although action adventure films are expensive to make and often command a high production budget, they are by far the most successful genre with 52% of the 50 most successful box office films of all time, containing action, and 56% containing adventure. Due to the target audience being primarily male, action adventures reflect this as they contain a large amount of violence, weaponry and danger which appeals more to men than women. The use of expensive cars and locations reflects that this genre is more typically male, as well as the regular use of attractive women who are made to look vulnerable and dependent on men. The use of editing, location, plot and cast is effectively used in action adventures to appeal to the male gender as they are enticed and engaged by what the genre can offer. Less stereotypically, many females are often interested by action, violence and danger in these types of films and enjoy the fictional excitement the genre produces.

Typical action adventure films revolve around the theme good vs evil, although it is not necessarily always obvious. There is always the good protagonist(s) who is usually sent to embark on a quest/journey/mission. This usually involves the traditional story structure of  a normal state of being that is broken by the need to find something or someone, and therefore embark upon the almost impossible, but usually just manageable (with a few consequences along the way) journey. Inevitably, this means there is also always an antagonist(s) who is key to the genre to try and stop the almost impossible journey from succeeding – leading to the action/adventure that enables a sense of escapism exist. The contrast between the protagonist’s and antagonist’s aims usually produce a succession of chase sequences, each more spectacular and seemingly impossible than the last. Along the way, sidekicks will be lost or die and evil will win small battles. More often than not these battles will involve the capture of a female sidekick or love interest, turning the protagonist into a hero who risks his life to rescue the ‘damsel in distress’. Alternatively the protagonist may be captured but will escape from the clutches of evil using their intelligence and physical strength. Whatever the situation, against all odds the damsel will be rescued and the protagonist(s) will win, completing their quest/journey/mission.

The protagonist is usually a physically attractive male but in recent years female characters have sometimes taken on this role, either on their own (Lara Croft for example) or alongside a conventional male hero. The antagonist is not so attractive and can be portrayed as “foreign”, lower class, or disabled in some way. Minor characters are often introduced in the form of ‘helpers’ who get caught up in the action and help or protect the protagonist(s) in some way. Locations tend to be exotic and unusual meaning characters often have to fight against landscape/architecture/climate, as well as evil forces. All of the action adventure conventions are put in place to provide a diversion from the audiences’ everyday lives. Audiences are allowed/enabled to identify with the hero and accompany them on their quest/journey/adventure

Action adventures usually contain a dramatic, often orchestral, non-diegetic soundtrack and a mix of diegetic and non-diegetic sound are used to accompany or emphasise the action, helping to build tension and distract the audience from their everyday life. Diegetic sounds are often dubbed in order to emphasise events or actions such as gun shots, making them more effective and realistic. The editing is often fast paced and tends to have straight cut editing rather than transitions, which tend to be used to indicate the end of action sequences or movement from one time/place to another. Action adventures emphasises the variety of camera angles and positions used to add a sense of wonder and excitement, but also to keep the pace fast and keep the audience distracted. Close ups are also used to emphasise characters emotions or objects such as weaponry which help to drive the narrative forward. Cross cuts tend to be used to allow the viewer to experience both the point of view of good and evil. This helps the audience to identify the characters and highlight the danger the protagonist is in, building suspense and tension.

Possible genres

Possible genres for our own opening two minutes

      Sci-fi – Sci-fi films revolve around special effects and the technology and resources needed to create these in a realistic manner are unavailable to us. Sci-fi films are also extremely expensive to make and require a large amount of time and effort in order to successfully create something that is interesting to watch. For our group, we do not think this type of genre suits us and the access to resources we have as we want to make a well made, professional looking film, and I think that the type of special effects we would be able to use would just make it look cheap and amateur-ish.
        Action/Adventure – Action/Adventure is easily re-creatable on a low budget which means it could be an option for us. These types of films consist of faced paced editing, exotic locations and some type of quest or mission usually partaking in a fight or battle. Although not all of this would be possible for us, with there being an extent to how ‘exotic’ our location can be, I think that action or adventure is definitely a genre to consider as I think we could produce as well made, interesting and appealing film with what we have.
    Crime – Again crime is another genre that could be an option to us. It requires a low budget which is a main aspect for us, and is re-creatable in environments that we have access to. It is also a genre that we as a group are particularly interested and enjoy, which means we have lots of ideas for the plot and would find it interesting and enjoyable to make.
   Fantasy – The fantasy genre is not really an option for us as it is too expensive and something we are uninterested in. We also this it would be a bad genre to pick for our opening two minutes as little would happen, making it difficult to create a plot which would entice or interest and audience, as well as film well which is a priority for us.
  Horror – Horror is an option as again it is re-creatable on a low budget, however it may not be the best option for us because this genre is very ineffective unless make properly. Horror’s focus on the scare factor and for a group of teenage girls on a low budget, the scare factor may be difficult to create well which means it may just come across as amateur-ish and badly made. A good plot would be easy to make as often a lot of action takes place at the beginning of this kind of genre which is something appealing to us as it would be easy to film.
   Supernatural – The supernatural genre doesn’t really appeal to us as it is something we do not know enough about, meaning we would need to do a lot of extra research before being able to start thinking about the plot. It would also be expensive and require a lot of technology unavailable to us.
  Animation – Animation requires a certain set of skills which we as a group do not have. With the budget we have it would be almost impossible to create a successful animated opening scene and it is not a genre we are interested in or know enough about. In my opinion it would be very difficult to make an animated opening scene as very often little happens in the first two minutes, meaning it would take a lot of work and the outcome would not be very interesting or beneficial to any of us.
  Sport – Sport would be quite an easy genre to do as it would revolve around one main theme, however it would be difficult to make interesting without the use of famous actors/actresses which are unavailable to us. It may also turn out to be more of a documentary style which would be easy, but not something we are particularly interested in.
  Western – A western would be impossible for us due to the lack of money, actors/actresses, props and location.
  Drama – A drama is something we have been thinking about as it would provide opportunity for us to display our knowledge and show our ability with the different uses of camera techniques. It would be quite easy to think of an interesting plot, and would be creatable with what materials are available to us.
    Musical – A musical is not an option for us as the involve actors which can sing and we do not have any of these. It would also be far too much work to have to script original and songs and we would not have to money for all the music or time for all the necessary rehearsals.
   Romance – Romance is a possibility, however it would be hard to create an opening that was interesting in two minutes. We would need good actors/actresses but it may turn out to be too difficult and end up becoming too cringey. In my opinion, it would be quite difficult to come up with an original, interesting plot and be able to include enough camera and editing techniques.
      Thriller – A thriller is a genre which appeals to us as we think it would be easy to re-create effectively. We have many opportunities around us which enable us to find suitable locations which would effectively build tension and engage the audience. It would be difficult to create an interesting plot which we would be able to make professional, however it is an option for us and is something we will think about.

Preliminary Task - Evaluation and Cinematography

Preliminary Task using Match on Action and Dialogue, Following the 180 Rule

Our preliminary task was to film and edit a short scene involving match on action and dialogue, whilst following the 180 rule. Overall, as a group we are pleased with our first attempt however there are a few aspects we need to work on for our final opening two minutes. In order to follow continuity, Eve’s hair needed to stay the same the whole way through, however it starts with all of it behind her but does not finish in this way. Although it is not that noticeable, it is something we will keep in mind as it breaks the continuity and makes it seem less realistic. Another focus point would be the angle in which we film from. Although the close up shot on the door handle is effective, it jumps slightly from the previous shot, making it less realistic. Looking back, we have realised if we had moved slightly to the left, creating a wider angle it would have looked more effective and made more sense as you would have been able to follow what was happening. Again, this is not a major issue as it was still clear what was happening, however to improve it is something we need to look at. Lighting was not something we gave much attention as we didn’t have much time, however it worked in our favour as well as against us. The lighting coming in from the side of the blind works effectively as it moves across Eve’s face when she goes to sit down, making it look sophisticated, however once she has sat down, this is not the case. The block of lighting across Eve’s body puts her face in the shadow and her body is the light which confuses the audience as it has no purpose. The shadow on the floor behind works effectively in setting the scene, however lighting is a main issue we need to focus on and learn more about as it can successfully help us gain certain settings and evoke emotion if used properly. The final point we need to work on was the mise-en-scene. Although Charlotte was supposed to be a person of authority, her swinging on the chair suggested a childlike manner taking away from the sense of authority the dialogue suggested, however again this is not a main concern just something to take note of.

In our Preliminary Task we used a variety of shots to display our ability to compose the different shots required to make the task effective. We covered the basic expectations and a few wider techniques. Here is a rough list of the shots and techniques we used: These different shots and techniques were established well through our filming and editing. It shows our creativity by using the different techniques in an abnormal scenario. Despite the unprofessional acting, the action taken place was executed correctly. An effective technique we used was the shot/reverse shot when Eve was entering the room and the camera showed the action from both angles. This was effective because it was done smoothly, showing a smooth cut between the two shots. It was done in a very lethargic way, which we thought was stereotypical to the way the teenagers are perceived to act. Another effective technique we used was the 180 Degree Rule, typically used in conversation style. The shots were not delayed with the dialogue and they showed the whole person always in the right margin of the frame, this was done to emphasise the 18- degree rule being used. Throughout the task we never used a tripod, which is shown through the lack of shakiness, even though the quality isn't brilliant, it wasn't bad for our first film. By not using a tripod, we were able to involve the audience a lot more and allow them to became aware of the understanding.

- Medium Shot

- Close Up

-Extreme Close Up

- Over The Shoulder Shot

- POV Shot

- Long Shot

- Match On Action

- 180 Degree Rule 

- Match Cut

- 30 Degree rule

- Shot/ Reverse Shot

- Eye-line Shot
  

It shows our creativity by using the different techniques in an abnormal scenario. Despite the unprofessional acting, the action taken place was executed correctly. An effective technique we used was the shot/reverse shot when Eve was entering the room and the camera showed the action from both angles. This was effective because it was done smoothly, showing a smooth cut between the two shots. It was done in a very lethargic way, which we thought was stereotypical to the way the teenagers are perceived to act. Another effective technique we used was the 180 Degree Rule, typically used in conversation style. The shots were not delayed with the dialogue and they showed the whole person always in the right margin of the frame, this was done to emphasise the 18- degree rule being used. Throughout the task we never used a tripod, which is shown through the lack of shakiness, even though the quality isn't brilliant, it wasn't bad for our first film. By not using a tripod, we were able to involve the audience a lot more and allow them to became aware of the understanding.

There were only a few shots which we didn't use, due to practicality:

- Two Shot 

- Birds-Eye View Shot

- Low Angle

-High Angle

-Tracking Shot

Reasons for not using a two-shot, was because we felt it was very simplistic shot which can be executed easily, we wanted to push ourselves and challenge ourselves by using the 180 Degree Rule. A Birds-Eye shot was irrelevant with the task we had to do and the limited amount of time we had to do this in. It would have been hard to accomplish as well. A low-angle and high-angle shots were the two shots we felt we could have used if we had more time and thoughts. They would have been effective to display the high and low authority. A tracking shot wouldn't have fit in with our task as there was nothing to track, we felt using match cuts were more effective for our first few times of filming.

Different Types of Genres

 Genre Definitions

•   Sci-fi - Science Fiction film is a genre that incorporates hypothetical, science-based themes into the plot of the film. Often, this genre incorporates futuristic elements and technologies to explore social, political, and philosophical issues. The film itself is usually set in the future, either on earth or in space. Traditionally, a Science Fiction film will incorporate heroes, villains, unexplored locations, fantastical quests, and advanced technology.
•     Adventure - Adventure film is a genre that revolves around the conquests and explorations of a protagonist. The purpose of the conquest can be to retrieve a person or treasure, but often the main focus is simply the pursuit of the unknown. These films generally take place in exotic locations and play on historical myths. Adventure films incorporate suspenseful puzzles and intricate obstacles that the protagonist must overcome in order to achieve the end goal.
•     Crime - Crime film is a genre that revolves around the action of a criminal mastermind. A Crime film will often revolve around the criminal himself, chronicling his rise and fall. Some Crime films will have a storyline that follows the criminal's victim, yet others follow the person in pursuit of the criminal. This genre tends to be fast paced with an air of mystery – this mystery can come from the plot or from the characters themselves.
•     Fantasy - Fantasy film is a genre that incorporates imaginative and fantastic themes. These themes usually involve magic, supernatural events, or fantasy worlds. Although it is its own distinct genre, these films can overlap into the horror and science fiction genres. Unlike science fiction, a fantasy film does not need to be rooted in fact. This element allows the audience to be transported into a new and unique world. Often, these films centre on an ordinary hero in an extraordinary situation.
•     Horror - Horror film is a genre that aims to create a sense of fear, panic, alarm, and dread for the audience. These films are often unsettling and rely on scaring the audience through a portrayal of their worst fears and nightmares. Horror films usually center on the arrival of an evil force, person, or event. Many Horror films include mythical creatures such as ghosts, vampires, and zombies. Traditionally, Horror films incorporate a large amount of violence and gore into the plot. Though it has its own style, Horror film often overlaps into Fantasy, Thriller, and Science-Fiction genres.
•     Supernatural - Supernatural film is a genre that centres around supernatural elements, such as ghosts, gods, goddesses, and miracles. Supernatural films deal with the unknown questions of life; therefore, they tend to incorporate religious elements into the plot. Since they emphasize the unknown, Supernatural films are considered quite suspenseful. These films often cross over into other genres, creating hybrids like Supernatural-Comedy and Supernatural-Drama.
•     Animation - Animated film is a collection of illustrations that are photographed frame-by-frame and then played in a quick succession. Since its inception, animation has had a creative and imaginative tendency. Being able to bring animals and objects to life, this genre has catered towards fairy tales and children’s stories. However, animation has long been a genre enjoyed by all ages. As of recent, there has even been an influx of animation geared towards adults. Animation is commonly thought of as a technique, thus it’s ability to span over many different genres.
•     Sport - A Sport Film revolves around a sport setting, event, or an athlete. Often, these films will centre on a single sporting event that carries significant importance. Sports films traditionally have a simple plot that builds up to the significant sporting event. This genre is known for incorporating film techniques to build anticipation and intensity. Sport films have a large range of sub-genres, from comedies to dramas, and are more likely than other genres to be based true-life events.
•     Western - Western Film is a genre that revolves around stories primarily set in the late 19th century in the American Old West. Most Westerns are set between the American Civil War (1865) and the early 1900s. Common themes within Western Film include: the conquest of the wild west, the cultural separation of the East and the West, the West’s resistance to modern change, the conflict between Cowboys and Indians, outlaws, and treasure/gold hunting. American Western Film usually revolves around a stoic hero and emphasizes the importance of honour and sacrifice.
•     Drama - Drama film is a genre that relies on the emotional and relational development of realistic characters. While Drama film relies heavily on this kind of development, dramatic themes play a large role in the plot as well. Often, these dramatic themes are taken from intense, real life issues. Whether heroes or heroines are facing a conflict from the outside or a conflict within themselves, Drama film aims to tell an honest story of human struggles.
•     Musical - A Musical interweaves vocal and dance performances into the narrative of the film. The songs of a film can either be used to further the story or simply enhance the experience of the audience. These films are often done on a grand scale and incorporate lavish costumes and sets. Traditional musicals centre on a well-known star, famous for their dancing or singing skills. These films explore concepts such are love and success, allowing the audience to escape from reality.
•     Romance - Romance film can be defined as a genre wherein the plot revolves around the love between two protagonists. This genre usually has a theme that explores an issue within love, including but not limited to: love at first sight, forbidden love, love triangles, and sacrificial love. The tone of Romance film can vary greatly. Whether the end is happy or tragic, Romance film aims to evoke strong emotions in the audience.
•     Thriller - Thriller Film is a genre that revolves around anticipation and suspense. The aim for Thrillers is to keep the audience alert and on the edge of their seats. The protagonist in these films is set against a problem – an escape, a mission, or a mystery. No matter what sub-genre a Thriller film falls into, it will emphasize the danger that the protagonist faces. The tension with the main problem is built on throughout the film and leads to a highly stressful climax.

Planning - Opening two minutes ideas/analysis

Planning and research for our own opening two minutes using the film Se7en for inspiration

At the moment, my group and I are looking into the horror genre in the hope to develop some ideas/inspiration for our own opening two minutes. We have decided to start looking into this particular genre as it seems to be the easiest to successfully represent with what equipment we have, as well as the most fun, however this may change as we progress in our research.

Looking at the trailers from the film Se7en, it is evident that the editing pace is very fast, in order to confuse the audience, making it unclear as to what is happening. Different focuses are used too such as the deep focus, shallow focus and focus pull, for the same purpose as the editing pace, making it difficult to see clearly or drawing the audience's attention to something in particular. A range of different shot types are used, with emphasis on the close up. With the fast editing pace, this makes the scene look very unbalanced, making the audience feel uneasy. Different lighting is also used, however it is all relatively dark, showing the different settings but making the audience have to pay attention at the same time in order to try to understand. The non-diegetic sound track is an important feature in the credits as it plays a main role in setting the scene. It is this that makes the audience feel so uncomfortable as the discordant, eerie percussion/music is precariously unstable constantly making them feel on edge.

From this, I have learnt the importance and the different purposes of some of the techniques used in filming and entertainment. It has become more obvious as to why these aspects are used, and my group and I would like to attempt to replicate them in our own film. The most important techniques we have decided to focus on are the different types of focusing as they are shown to have a strong affect on both the understanding and the tension/suspense that is created. The other technique we are going to focus on is the music. Although this scene in Se7en is only the opening credits, it has an immediate effect on the audience, establishing the genre, target audience and setting the tone/theme of the film, and we find it very successful at doing so.

Planning and Research Targets

Planning and Research Targets

Well done Eve! A good start to your research and planning. Exceptional considering your late start. Your group needs to work well together to plan your film to the highest standards possible - and your planning needs to begin now, and you need to blog regularly. For your analysis of opening two minutes make sure you always comment on the following things to show a broad understanding and appreciation: Target Audience, Narrative Characters, Use of titles, Pace of editing, Mise en Scene, Camera Composition, Use of sound and Genre conventions. A really good start Eve - you now need to begin to evidence detailed planning for your production, which needs to be detailed and thorough.

Different Filming Techniques

Filming Techniques

There are many different types of filming techniques used in the industry in order to help with continuity. An example of this is the 180 Degree Rule. This rule is used to set the scene and establish the characters in space and time in order for the view to be able to follow the plot. The 180 Degree Rule states that two characters in a scene should always have the same left/right relationship to each other. If you don't follow the 180 Degree Rule, or break it intentionally, it disrupts the scene disorients the audience. When you break the 180 line, a person who was originally facing left in a scene is all of the sudden facing right, which can confuse the audience and make it seem like the person is talking to his/herself.

Shot/reverse shot is another type of technique used to enable the audience to determine the characters emotions. It is known as a staple of editing in dialogue sequences, and follows the principles of the 180 Degree Rule. Shot/reverse shot is a film technique wherein one character is shown looking (often off-screen) at another character, and then the other character is shown looking "back" at the first character. Since the characters are shown facing in opposite directions, the viewer unconsciously assumes that they are looking at each other. The primary elements of a shot/reverse shot sequence are derived from the three camera set up. This means that there are usually three types of shot used – a long of medium shot displaying both of the characters, an over the shoulder shot over one of the characters and then an over the shoulder shot over the other character, providing the full range of appropriate angles. A match cut, also called a graphic match, is a cut in film editing between either two different objects, two different spaces, or two different compositions in which an object in the two shots graphically match, often helping to establish a strong continuity of action and linking the two shots metaphorically.

A match cut, also called a graphic match, is a cut in film editing between either two different objects, two different spaces, or two different compositions in which an object in the two shots graphically match, often helping to establish a strong continuity of action and linking the two shots metaphorically. Essentially a match cut refers to when a director cuts from one scene to a completely different scene, but keeps objects from the two scenes graphically matched so as to establish continuity and flow.

The 30 Degree Rule is rule used in film making with the purpose of creating continuity between different shots within a larger sequence of shots. When moving the camera between shots it should be moved a minimum of 25 to 30 degrees (with a maximum limit of 180 degrees) to avoid jarring transitions also known as jump cuts. This helps to seamlessly piece together a larger sequence of shots in a harmonious manner. Big transitions like this help hide small continuity differences (especially when you cut on the action) which is helpful if you’re shooting a film or documentary with only one camera. 

 

Up Opening Scene Analysis/Lion King Opening Scene Analysis

Up Opening Scene Analysis

 

Pixar’s Up has a very special opening in that it outlines the entire background of the main character before the story even begins. It very cleverly introduces the audience to the main character, but also creates a relationship between the two, making the audience feel like they’ve known him for years. This is effective as the audience can’t help but empathise with Carl– the main character, taking them too, on his emotional journey. Due to its animated nature and its unusual opening sequence it is difficult to analyse as it does not have a specific location or plot. Despite the premise of the film appearing to be targeted solely towards children, its life values and heart wrenching relationships also gives a much wider range of audiences including the parent, pleasure.

The lighting plays a large role in the opening scene as it dictates the mood of the characters to the audience. As there is no dialogue for the first five minutes, it is important that the audience are kept focused by the mise en scene, music and camera/editing techniques. On the surface, Up seems like a very simplistic film aimed at young children and easily understood, shown by the slow paced editing and the everyday situations that take place in chronological order. A very basic colour coordination scheme is used, as shown by the bright colours when the characters are happy, and oppositely, the dark colours when the characters are sad. The story of Carl and Ellie to children may just come across as a fun story with a sad ending, however to the older audience their story is more significant as it allows them to immediately connect and understand him, evoking emotion for his great loss.

A very light hearted, upbeat non-diegetic sound track is played in the background, creating a positive, cheery atmosphere making the film enjoyable and causing the audience to warm to the characters. The fast paced music obviously represents the happiness of the couple and like the lighting; the slower paced music represents their unhappiness. Again this appeals to children as they are easily able to read the characters emotions; however it also helps to set the scene and the mood, evoking emotion from the range of audience audiences. The lighting also helps to show the passing of time and the different environments they are in.

The editing is also very simple, shown by the way the number of different shot types slows down during the devastation to emphasise the drastic effect it has had on the main character. The fast paced editing towards the beginning suggests that the couple are happy and that time goes quickly when they are together, creating a noticeable contrast after Ellie dies. Many different camera angles are used for different effects, allowing the audience to see the surroundings and the character’s emotions. Objective shots are used in important locations to the characters, such as under the tree, and this is made obvious to the audience as the editing pace slows down and so more time is spent in those certain locations. Close up shots are used effectively in order to clearly portray the characters emotions to the younger audience, evoking emotion from them too.

The Lion King Opening Scene

Walt Disney is shown to represent The Lion King which would attract the younger audience as it is a very well known, highly thought of company respected for its ability to make successful children’s films. In the opening scene, unlike Up, an establishing shot clearly sets up the location for the film, and makes it obvious to children that this is where the characters will be introduced. Similarly, all the different characters are quickly introduced, enticing the targeted audience as this animals may be something new or unusual to them. The use of animation makes it more friendly to young children, and also makes it more relatable is it is probably something they would be used to.

The editing in The Lion King is very slow, allowing the beauty of the locations to be admired, as well as going slowly allowing the young targeted audience to be able to notice all the different aspects as well. The slow editing pace further helps the children to learn about the different relationships between the different characters, and it also helps to educate them as it would teach them about the natural surroundings for these types of animals. The main characters, such as the lion are clearly given more prevalence, introducing them to the audience as the main/most important characters. The music is fast paced, upbeat and enjoyable, helping to set the scene and the mood as well as being enjoyable to listen to. The build-up of music as it comes towards the end helps to shows that it is the end of a big introduction and the beginning of the film. The colours used are also very bright, suggesting happiness and friendliness towards each of the characters, allowing the audience to determine the genre of the film as an animated adventure.

There are many similarities in these two animated adventure films, such as the uses of bright colours and music. It is clear that they are editing techniques which point out the obvious, which is why they are used and appeal to the younger audience. I have learnt that the speed of music and editing helps to set the scene and helps the audience to relate and understand the characters and their emotions. Both The Lion King and Up have long opening scenes before the plot actually begins, which is effective at introducing the location and characters before the adventure starts, which helps to create a bond between the audience and the characters.